Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening condition caused by inflammation and injury of air sacs in the lung (alveoli). It leads to buildup of fluid in air sacs, which stops oxygen from getting to the bloodstream and the rest of the body. This can cause lung failure resulting in death.
ARDS occurs in people of all ages and equally in men and women. It is not contagious or inherited.
ARDS often results from infections, trauma, or injury and occurs rapidly (usually within 24 to 48 hours of the cause). Other causes include aspiration of vomit; extensive burns; drug overdose; breathing in of chemicals, smoke, or other toxic fumes; and pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas). ARDS can lead to failure not only of lungs but other vital organs including kidneys and liver.
ARDS symptoms are shortness of breath, low blood pressure, and fever. In early stages of ARDS, a fast heartbeat (tachycardia), fast breathing (tachypnea), and cyanosis (blue skin and lips) are noted. Increasing agitation, lethargy, and confusion follow in later stages.
Laboratory tests and imaging studies help confirm the health care provider’s belief that ARDS is present. A chest x-ray perhaps provides the first clue. The health care provider may order a catheterization (putting a thin catheter, or tube, through a neck vein into the heart) to measure pressures in the heart for diagnosis and to help guide treatment.
ARDS, a medical emergency, usually means admission to the intensive care unit. Supportive treatment is used, meaning treatments support and maintain oxygen status and blood pressure. A mechanical ventilator (breathing machine) helps people breathe, and intravenous medicines maintain normal blood pressure. The ventilator is used until people can breathe on their own.
When infection causes ARDS (more than 30% of the time), antibiotics are critical for treatment and cure.
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Copyright © 2016 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
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